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spread of Sikhism. Arjun refused to convert to Islam and was eventually tortured to
death by Jahangir in 1606.
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Whereas Arjun adopted a pacifist approach to Mughal demands, the sixth Guru,
Hargobind, advanced a more aggressive approach to threats from the Mughal
leadership.
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While Arjun calmly chose death over conversion to Islam, Hargobind
thought that Sikhs were morally obligated to defend their faith.
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Hargobind, for
example, asked Sikh followers to donate weapons and horses, with which he established
a cavalry.
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This militaristic mentality was later embraced by the tenth Guru, Gobind
Singh.
48
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Gobind Singh led the Sikh people after his father, Tegh Bahadur, who was
beheaded at the command of the Muslim emperor, Aurangzeb.
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Gobind Singh, a fierce
warrior, created a religious army to resist the persecution by the Mughal rulers. On or
about April 14, 1699, Gobind Singh called together approximately 80,000 Sikhs in the
small town of Anandpur in Punjab, “specifically exort[ing] the Sikhs to come with their
hair and beards unshorn.”
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There, Gobind Singh formally organized Sikhs into an army
of God, a community of saint-soldiers, known as the Khalsa, or the pure.
51
Gobind Singh
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“name given the Muslim rulers, or emperors, who controlled western India, with
decreasing effectiveness, from 1526 to 1858 (932-1274 H).”).
44
Martyrdom of Guru Arjun Saheb Ji-Part 2, Gurmat Studies Foundation, July 2003,
available at http://www.gurmatstudies.com/articles/5guru1.htm.
45
See Juss, supra note 28 at 491.
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Guru Hargobind Sahib, Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee (“Guru Sahib
converted the peaceful sect into a warlike community, ready to defend their interests with
the swords and it was the need of the hour.”) available at
http://www.sgpc.net/gurus/guruhargobind.asp.
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See Prithi Pal Singh, The History of Sikh Gurus, 81 (2007) (noting that Guru
Hargobind “advised his followers to make offerings of arms, weapons, and horses.”).
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See Juss, supra note 28 at 491 (identifying Guru Hargobind and Guru Gobind Singh as
the only two Sikh Gurus who “took up arms.”).
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See Khushwant Singh, supra note 25, at 74-76.
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See id. at 82; see also Sikhs and the Arts of Punjab, Victoria and Albert Museum,
available at
http://vanda.london.museum/vastatic/microsites/1162_sikhs/sikhism/sikhism.htm.
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Gobind Singh instructed all Sikh men to adopt the surname “Singh” (meaning lion) and
all women the surname “Kaur” (meaning lioness or princess). See Juss, supra note 28 at
533 n. 42 (This was done again to abolish any distinctions, based on caste or occupation,
and to foster a sense of unity.); Michael Rosensaft, The Right of Men to Change their
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